Energy Saving Trust
Getting Warmer: a field trial of heat pumps
Review of ground source heat pump performance
in domestic installations
including retrofit
Getting Warmer: a field trial of Heat Pumps
The Energy Saving Trust (EST) published a report on field trials of heat pumps in domestic installations in 2010.
The trials, which cost more than £500,000, involved only 54 ground source heat pump systems and just 29 air source heat pumps. Of these early installations most were retrofits and some covered social housing where the occupants had no input in the installations. The heat distribution systems included radiators as well as under-floor heating and some systems also provided domestic hot water. Many were therefore not suitable sites for introducing heat pumps.
The report says that "Many systems appeared to be installed incorrectly". It also reports that "Often there was no single contractor responsible for the installation, which might involve a ground contractor, a plumber, a heat pump installer and an electrician. This meant that there was often no single point of responsibility or any liability for the eventual performance of the whole installation".
In these circumstances it is not surprising that the performance of this sample of domestic systems tested varied widely. Some of the systems yielded a Seasonal COP of only 1.4, with an average of 2.4 for ground source heat pumps. The best installations achieved a Seasonal COP of 3.2.
The EST report draws some conclusions:- Heat pumps are sensitive to design and commissioning
- Responsibility for the installation should be with one company
- Properly designed installations of ground source heat pumps work well
You can download the full EST Heat Pump Trials Report which includes some general explanations of heat pumps. However, we think you will learn far more about heat pumps from this website, including the page on Thermalbanks.
ICAX specialises in large scale installations and uses heat pumps to extract heat from ThermalBanks. We would never use a heat pump to extract heat from the ground in winter without having any mechanism to save heat in the ground in summer – otherwise we would be in danger of only achieving the low level of performance found in the EST field trials.
One of the clear lessons of the domestic field trials is that heat pumps need to be carefully specified by knowledgeable installers: without the right advice you may not achieve the savings in running costs and savings in carbon emissions you are looking for.
How to improve the performance of heat pumps
The key to getting good performance from a heat pump is to understand the strengths and weaknesses of heat pumps and work with these instead of trying to fight them. You should aim to reduce the “uplift” required between the input temperature (from the ground) and the output temperature (to the building).
Underfloor heating works well with heat pumps because UFH can be effective at a low output temperature (35°C – 40°C) compared to radiators which usually require 65°C to be effective.
A well insulated building will need less heat and is therefore more suited to use of UFH.
UFH is a more gentle form of heating that can be operated for longer hours than gas fired radiators. Gas fired heating produces a higher level of heat (and draughts!) in shorter bursts.
The input temperature from outside is also important. When the outside air temperature is below freezing an air source heat pump will be less efficient than a ground source heat pump.
The input temperature from the ground will depend on the design and installation of the ground loop. As the GSHP extracts heat from the ground the ground temperature will fall and become less efficient. If the ground loop is too small the GSHP performance will suffer badly, especially in the later half of the winter.
ICAX installs heat pumps in larger projects where the economies of scale allow heat pumps to work more cost effectively than in domestic installations. ICAX has also developed a number of techniques to improve the performance of heat pumps in these large-scale projects. ICAX uses solar thermal collectors to store summer heat in Thermalbanks so that ICAX systems can benefit from higher ground temperatures in winter and thereby double the CoP of its heat pumps.
ICAX performs a full thermal modelling simulation of each installation in the design phase to verify that a well balanced system is delivered.EST Trials of micro-wind turbines
The earlier EST trials of micro-wind turbines highlighted significant differences between manufacturers' claims and in situ performance.
The study of micro-turbines found that many devices in urban and suburban locations suffered from inadequate wind speeds and performed significantly worse than the manufacturers' claims.
As a result of this comprehensive study, the EST says that potential customers should be aware of the key points before choosing to install a domestic wind turbine:
•Wind turbines can work, but only when installed properly in an appropriate location.
•There is a potential for delivering carbon savings and energy generation from domestic small-scale wind turbines in the UK.
•The highest potential for successful household small-scale wind installations is in Scotland.
•Wind speeds are difficult to predict and highly variable. The Energy Saving Trust recommends that potential customers first utilise the best available wind speed estimation tools and then, where appropriate, install anemometry to determine the wind speed distribution.
•The introduction of product and installation standards will require that information from specific products is easily comparable.
•Customers are advised only to consider domestic small-scale wind products and installers that are certified under the Microgeneration Certification Scheme.
•The Energy Saving Trust advice network is able to provide advice to customers to help determine if a wind turbine may be the right choice for their homes.
•Domestic consumers should consider energy produced from small-scale wind as only one option from a potential suite of microgeneration technologies.
EST Trials of cavity wall insulation systems
The audits of loft and cavity wall insulation showed that the measures yielded less than 70% of the energy efficiency savings claimed.
ICAX Projects: Toddington | Howe Dell | Hiroshima | Garth | Merton | Suffolk One | Wellington | Tesco Greenfield
See Ground Source Heating Ground Source Cooling Ground Source Energy
